Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 

This is a very first manuscript focussing on the impact of the extreme precipitation event over Greece in September 2023. The analysis on the crop area and numbers of livestock exposed to flooding from the historic precipitation caused by storm Daniel in central Greece on September 3–8, 2023 should be of wider interest for the scientific community, the broader public and the media.

This manuscript is very timely and addressing a significant aspect of polar meteorology, Arctic synoptic-scale cyclones. Given the current and future development of open passages due to sea-ice loss, this study may have significant influence on upcoming needs of shipping as well as the scientific analysis of underlying physical mechanisms for future arctic cyclone development.

The paper addresses a highly relevant and topical question in flood risk management. The method and results are an innovative and interesting contribution to the field of research which merits information to the broader public and media.

The future of loss and damage from severe European winterstorms remains an open topic for research, societies and affected communities. This manuscript fills a significant gap in our current understanding of future lossess based on the lastes CMIP6 model simulations. The findings demonstrate the importance of climate model uncertainty for the CMIP6 projections of windstorms in Europe, and emphasize the increasing need for risk mitigation due to extreme weather in the future.

Winter storms in the German Bight are a significant coastal hazard in the southeastern North Sea. The authors use a model for enhanced seasonal forecasting accuracy. This enhancement focuses on storms identified by the highest wind speeds, determined using sea-level pressure data, during winter. The forecasting system, comprising 64 simulations initiated each November, aims to forecast these storms for winters spanning from 1960 to 2018. Initial forecasts for the first winter proved inaccurate. However, by concentrating on specific weather patterns in September and November linked to these storms, the authors refined their forecasting method. Selecting the most reliable simulations based on these patterns significantly improved the forecasting accuracy for winter storms, indicating enhanced predictability of major atmospheric changes. Their simulations might be applied to other similar applications.