Flood is the foremost natural hazard around the world that affects human life and property (directly and indirectly). In the current era, many hydrologic and hydraulic modelling techniques are available for flood risk assessment and management, as well as for flood risk prevention and preparedness. Such techniques provide a platform for the scientific community to explore the causes of floods and to build up efficient methods for flood mitigation. This special issue invites in-depth and applied research work carried out through flood modelling including hydrological modelling, flood hydrodynamic modelling, flood inundation mapping, flood hazard mapping, risk assessment, flood policy, and flood mitigation strategy. It also welcomes studies dealing with various uncertainties associated with different stages of modelling and exploring modern techniques for model calibration and validation. In addition, real-time flood inundation mapping is an important aspect for evacuating people from low-lying areas and reducing death tolls. Real-time data information through UAV-based flood inundation mapping and analysis of associated uncertainty in real-time aerial surveying are welcome in this special issue.

Extreme hydrometeorological and geomorphological events account for 45 % of the fatalities and 79 % of the economic losses caused by natural hazards. Exacerbated by high seismic activity, rugged terrain such as the Himalayan landscape is particularly susceptible to generating these events, which often transform into cascading hazards where an initial event causes a downstream chain reaction (Shugar et al., 2021). These hazards interfere with increasing population pressure and expansion of settlements along rivers and new infrastructure developments such as roads and hydropower projects. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns in the wake of global warming likely elevate risks from hazards such as landslides, glacial lake outburst floods, riverine, and flash floods (Kraaijenbrink et al., 2017). The complexity of these hazards and their underlying processes demand scientific efforts and approaches from multiple disciplines.

The proposed special issue aims to compile recent research that estimates and predicts natural hazards and risks in the Himalayan region. We encourage research submissions that report hydro-geophysical modelling, innovative data-analysis approaches, remote sensing, and risk assessment. Multi- and transdisciplinary approaches are particularly welcome. Interdisciplinary and international collaborative efforts enhance scientific discovery, and multidisciplinary research is limited despite the clear benefits. With the envisaged special issue, we further aim to amalgamate expertise, methods, and data of several research articles to advance the understanding of the impacts and changes in the extremely high mountain landscape. Our goal is to attract articles from hydro-geophysical modelling, innovative data approaches, remote-sensing-based observations, and risk/vulnerability assessment.

We invite contributions to a special issue in NHESS on the European seismic hazard and risk models. During the 20th century, earthquakes in Europe accounted for more than 200 000 deaths and over EUR 250 billion in losses. Earthquakes cannot be prevented or precisely predicted, but efficient mitigation measures informed by earthquake hazard and risk models can significantly reduce their impacts.

It has long been recognized that earthquake effects extend across country borders and that seismic hazard and risk must be addressed not only locally but also nationally and, equally importantly, at a regional level.

In 2022, the European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk (EFEHR) released the next-generation European seismic hazard model and the first harmonized European earthquake risk models. The development of these models was a joint multiyear effort of seismologists, geologists, and engineers across Europe. These models offer harmonized information on the spatial distribution of expected levels of ground shaking due to earthquakes, their frequency, and their potential impact on the built environment and on people's well-being.

The newly released update of the earthquake hazard model and the first earthquake risk model for Europe are the basis for establishing mitigation measures and making communities more resilient. They significantly improve understanding of where strong shaking is most likely to occur and what effects future earthquakes in Europe will have.

We invite contributions to a virtual special issue in NHESS related to the European seismic hazard and risk model building, model results, sensitivity analysis, and all model components. We also welcome contributions on seismic hazard and risk assessment in general, at the local, national, and regional levels, with a particular emphasis on seismogenic source models, earthquake rate forecasts, active fault modelling, empirical and physical ground motion modelling, site effect evaluation, exposure modelling, numerical and empirical vulnerability model development, assessment of seismic hazard across political boundaries, comparison and sensitivity analyses, and other related topics. Contributions demonstrating the development of novel testing procedures, as well as the comprehensive treatment of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, are also encouraged.

Submission to the virtual special issues will start in July 2022 and end in February 2023; contributions will be open for community reviews and published online as soon as the review process is completed.

Extreme hydro-meteorological events drive hazardous hydrologic and geomorphic responses, such as floods, landslides, and debris flows, which pose a significant threat to modern societies on a global scale. The continuous increase in population and urban settlements in hazard-prone areas in combination with evidence of changes in extreme weather events leads to a concerning increase in risks associated with weather-induced hazards. To improve resilience and to design more effective mitigation strategies, we need to better understand the aspects of vulnerability, risk, mitigation, and triggers that are associated with these hazards.

This special issue aims at gathering contributions on the most recent research advances on vulnerability analysis, risk estimation, impact assessment, mitigation policies, and communication strategies related to hydro-meteorological extremes.

In the past decades, the risk to society due to natural hazards has increased around the globe. The Andes region is particularly exposed to natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, volcanic activity, forest fires, and others. To mitigate these threats, effective risk management is indispensable, for which reliable and up-to-date information is essential. The complex relationships between multiple and consecutive natural hazards, the exposed population, a dynamic vulnerability, and critical infrastructures lead to cascading effects which are often not considered. Furthermore, the assessment, quantification, and propagation of intrinsic and epistemic uncertainty are mostly not considered. This can lead to inadequate or even misleading risk management strategies, thus hindering efficient prevention and mitigation measures, and ultimately undermining the resilience of societies.

The special issue aims at making a significant contribution to single-hazard and multi-hazard risk assessment, including exposure and dynamic vulnerability, and progressing towards the analysis of cascading effects. Specific topics of this special issue include, but are not limited to,

• new methods and techniques for (multi-)hazard scenarios, exposure, and vulnerability modelling;
• new methods and techniques for impact assessment, cascading effects, and loss estimation;
• design, development, and implementation of tools for the analysis of multi-risks;
• analysis and development towards practical applications for stakeholders and decision makers.

The special issue asks for contributions that address countries of the Andes region. Submissions for all manuscript types such as research articles, review articles, and brief communications are welcome.

Initiated by the German research project ClimXtreme (https://climxtreme.net/index.php), but open to all relevant submissions, the objective of the inter-journal special issue "Past and future European atmospheric extreme events under climate change" is to compile research results and recent advances in research exploring if and how extreme weather events have changed in the past, and what is to be expected under future climate scenarios. The time span covers the past and present centuries. Foci are physical mechanisms, statistical assessments, and impact-prone processes. Research on physical mechanisms addresses understanding the relationship between the extreme events' occurrence and severity and their spatial and temporal environment, exploring how climate change influences their generation processes in the past and a prospective future. Statistical approaches related to data science make use of large heterogeneous observational and model output data, of both the past and future, or advanced statistical methods, such as attribution research. Impact-related research investigates factors modifying the relation of the extreme meteorological conditions and the outcome in terms of damage, as pre-conditioning mechanisms can change the resilience of society and ecosystems against extremes. Compound meteorological events can lead to damage with a combination of relatively weak extremes. The regional focus is on continental Europe and its marginal seas, including the Atlantic and Arctic regions as important interacting parts of the climate system. Authors are advised to choose the most appropriate journal for their papers, which in this inter-journal special issue are Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS), Advances in Statistical Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography (ASCMO), and Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).

Fire is an essential feature of terrestrial ecosystems and plays an important role in the Earth system. Fires are regulated by climate, vegetation characteristics, and human activity and also feedback to them in multiple ways. For example, fires can shape vegetation composition and structure; adjust land carbon, nutrient, water, and energy cycles; change atmospheric composition, chemistry, and physics; and affect air quality and human health. Elevated fire activity in 2019 across the arctic, Amazon, and other regions underscores the urgency of a quantitative understanding of fire as an Earth system process that interacts with vegetation, climate, and humans. The EGU2020 B3.17 session on the role of fire in the Earth system received the most abstracts in the Biogeosciences division this year and was highly attended during the live chat. The abstracts cover several aspects of interactions between fire and the biosphere, atmosphere, and humans across various temporal and spatial scales using modelling, field and laboratory observations, and remote sensing. Given that the topic is highly interdisciplinary and overarching, we propose an inter-journal (ESD/BG/ACP/GMD/NHESS) special issue for this session with ESD as the lead journal, and we also encourage the submission of topic-related studies outside the EGU fire session. The special issue will bring together new advances in understanding the feedbacks and interactions between fire and other components of the Earth system at all temporal and spatial scales using various methods, including (1) impacts of fire on weather, climate, and atmospheric chemistry; (2) interactions between fire, the biogeochemical cycle, vegetation composition and structure, and land water and energy budgets; (3) influence of humans on fire and vice versa; (4) fire characteristics (e.g., fire duration, emission factor, emission height, smoke transport); (5) spatial and temporal changes of fires in the past, present, and future; (6) fire products and models, their validation, and error/bias assessment; and (7) analytical tools designed to enhance situational awareness among fire practitioners and early warning systems, addressing specific needs of operational fire behaviour modelling.

We invite contributions to a special issue in NHESS on the European seismic hazard and risk models. During the 20th century, earthquakes in Europe accounted for more than 200 000 deaths and over EUR 250 billion in losses. Earthquakes cannot be prevented or precisely predicted, but efficient mitigation measures informed by earthquake hazard and risk models can significantly reduce their impacts.

It has long been recognized that earthquake effects extend across country borders and that seismic hazard and risk must be addressed not only locally but also nationally and, equally importantly, at a regional level.

In 2022, the European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk (EFEHR) released the next-generation European seismic hazard model and the first harmonized European earthquake risk models. The development of these models was a joint multiyear effort of seismologists, geologists, and engineers across Europe. These models offer harmonized information on the spatial distribution of expected levels of ground shaking due to earthquakes, their frequency, and their potential impact on the built environment and on people's well-being.

The newly released update of the earthquake hazard model and the first earthquake risk model for Europe are the basis for establishing mitigation measures and making communities more resilient. They significantly improve understanding of where strong shaking is most likely to occur and what effects future earthquakes in Europe will have.

We invite contributions to a virtual special issue in NHESS related to the European seismic hazard and risk model building, model results, sensitivity analysis, and all model components. We also welcome contributions on seismic hazard and risk assessment in general, at the local, national, and regional levels, with a particular emphasis on seismogenic source models, earthquake rate forecasts, active fault modelling, empirical and physical ground motion modelling, site effect evaluation, exposure modelling, numerical and empirical vulnerability model development, assessment of seismic hazard across political boundaries, comparison and sensitivity analyses, and other related topics. Contributions demonstrating the development of novel testing procedures, as well as the comprehensive treatment of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, are also encouraged.

Submission to the virtual special issues will start in July 2022 and end in February 2023; contributions will be open for community reviews and published online as soon as the review process is completed.

Flood is the foremost natural hazard around the world that affects human life and property (directly and indirectly). In the current era, many hydrologic and hydraulic modelling techniques are available for flood risk assessment and management, as well as for flood risk prevention and preparedness. Such techniques provide a platform for the scientific community to explore the causes of floods and to build up efficient methods for flood mitigation. This special issue invites in-depth and applied research work carried out through flood modelling including hydrological modelling, flood hydrodynamic modelling, flood inundation mapping, flood hazard mapping, risk assessment, flood policy, and flood mitigation strategy. It also welcomes studies dealing with various uncertainties associated with different stages of modelling and exploring modern techniques for model calibration and validation. In addition, real-time flood inundation mapping is an important aspect for evacuating people from low-lying areas and reducing death tolls. Real-time data information through UAV-based flood inundation mapping and analysis of associated uncertainty in real-time aerial surveying are welcome in this special issue.

Extreme hydro-meteorological events drive hazardous hydrologic and geomorphic responses, such as floods, landslides, and debris flows, which pose a significant threat to modern societies on a global scale. The continuous increase in population and urban settlements in hazard-prone areas in combination with evidence of changes in extreme weather events leads to a concerning increase in risks associated with weather-induced hazards. To improve resilience and to design more effective mitigation strategies, we need to better understand the aspects of vulnerability, risk, mitigation, and triggers that are associated with these hazards.

This special issue aims at gathering contributions on the most recent research advances on vulnerability analysis, risk estimation, impact assessment, mitigation policies, and communication strategies related to hydro-meteorological extremes.

Extreme hydrometeorological and geomorphological events account for 45 % of the fatalities and 79 % of the economic losses caused by natural hazards. Exacerbated by high seismic activity, rugged terrain such as the Himalayan landscape is particularly susceptible to generating these events, which often transform into cascading hazards where an initial event causes a downstream chain reaction (Shugar et al., 2021). These hazards interfere with increasing population pressure and expansion of settlements along rivers and new infrastructure developments such as roads and hydropower projects. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns in the wake of global warming likely elevate risks from hazards such as landslides, glacial lake outburst floods, riverine, and flash floods (Kraaijenbrink et al., 2017). The complexity of these hazards and their underlying processes demand scientific efforts and approaches from multiple disciplines.

The proposed special issue aims to compile recent research that estimates and predicts natural hazards and risks in the Himalayan region. We encourage research submissions that report hydro-geophysical modelling, innovative data-analysis approaches, remote sensing, and risk assessment. Multi- and transdisciplinary approaches are particularly welcome. Interdisciplinary and international collaborative efforts enhance scientific discovery, and multidisciplinary research is limited despite the clear benefits. With the envisaged special issue, we further aim to amalgamate expertise, methods, and data of several research articles to advance the understanding of the impacts and changes in the extremely high mountain landscape. Our goal is to attract articles from hydro-geophysical modelling, innovative data approaches, remote-sensing-based observations, and risk/vulnerability assessment.

Initiated by the German research project ClimXtreme (https://climxtreme.net/index.php), but open to all relevant submissions, the objective of the inter-journal special issue "Past and future European atmospheric extreme events under climate change" is to compile research results and recent advances in research exploring if and how extreme weather events have changed in the past, and what is to be expected under future climate scenarios. The time span covers the past and present centuries. Foci are physical mechanisms, statistical assessments, and impact-prone processes. Research on physical mechanisms addresses understanding the relationship between the extreme events' occurrence and severity and their spatial and temporal environment, exploring how climate change influences their generation processes in the past and a prospective future. Statistical approaches related to data science make use of large heterogeneous observational and model output data, of both the past and future, or advanced statistical methods, such as attribution research. Impact-related research investigates factors modifying the relation of the extreme meteorological conditions and the outcome in terms of damage, as pre-conditioning mechanisms can change the resilience of society and ecosystems against extremes. Compound meteorological events can lead to damage with a combination of relatively weak extremes. The regional focus is on continental Europe and its marginal seas, including the Atlantic and Arctic regions as important interacting parts of the climate system. Authors are advised to choose the most appropriate journal for their papers, which in this inter-journal special issue are Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS), Advances in Statistical Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography (ASCMO), and Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).

In the past decades, the risk to society due to natural hazards has increased around the globe. The Andes region is particularly exposed to natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, volcanic activity, forest fires, and others. To mitigate these threats, effective risk management is indispensable, for which reliable and up-to-date information is essential. The complex relationships between multiple and consecutive natural hazards, the exposed population, a dynamic vulnerability, and critical infrastructures lead to cascading effects which are often not considered. Furthermore, the assessment, quantification, and propagation of intrinsic and epistemic uncertainty are mostly not considered. This can lead to inadequate or even misleading risk management strategies, thus hindering efficient prevention and mitigation measures, and ultimately undermining the resilience of societies.

The special issue aims at making a significant contribution to single-hazard and multi-hazard risk assessment, including exposure and dynamic vulnerability, and progressing towards the analysis of cascading effects. Specific topics of this special issue include, but are not limited to,

• new methods and techniques for (multi-)hazard scenarios, exposure, and vulnerability modelling;
• new methods and techniques for impact assessment, cascading effects, and loss estimation;
• design, development, and implementation of tools for the analysis of multi-risks;
• analysis and development towards practical applications for stakeholders and decision makers.

The special issue asks for contributions that address countries of the Andes region. Submissions for all manuscript types such as research articles, review articles, and brief communications are welcome.

Fire is an essential feature of terrestrial ecosystems and plays an important role in the Earth system. Fires are regulated by climate, vegetation characteristics, and human activity and also feedback to them in multiple ways. For example, fires can shape vegetation composition and structure; adjust land carbon, nutrient, water, and energy cycles; change atmospheric composition, chemistry, and physics; and affect air quality and human health. Elevated fire activity in 2019 across the arctic, Amazon, and other regions underscores the urgency of a quantitative understanding of fire as an Earth system process that interacts with vegetation, climate, and humans. The EGU2020 B3.17 session on the role of fire in the Earth system received the most abstracts in the Biogeosciences division this year and was highly attended during the live chat. The abstracts cover several aspects of interactions between fire and the biosphere, atmosphere, and humans across various temporal and spatial scales using modelling, field and laboratory observations, and remote sensing. Given that the topic is highly interdisciplinary and overarching, we propose an inter-journal (ESD/BG/ACP/GMD/NHESS) special issue for this session with ESD as the lead journal, and we also encourage the submission of topic-related studies outside the EGU fire session. The special issue will bring together new advances in understanding the feedbacks and interactions between fire and other components of the Earth system at all temporal and spatial scales using various methods, including (1) impacts of fire on weather, climate, and atmospheric chemistry; (2) interactions between fire, the biogeochemical cycle, vegetation composition and structure, and land water and energy budgets; (3) influence of humans on fire and vice versa; (4) fire characteristics (e.g., fire duration, emission factor, emission height, smoke transport); (5) spatial and temporal changes of fires in the past, present, and future; (6) fire products and models, their validation, and error/bias assessment; and (7) analytical tools designed to enhance situational awareness among fire practitioners and early warning systems, addressing specific needs of operational fire behaviour modelling.